The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. A higher recycling rate may reduce risk to supply. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. The percentage of an element produced in the top producing country. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. It provides a measure of how difficult it is to extend a material, with a value given by the ratio of tensile strength to tensile strain.
A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. It is given by the ratio of the pressure on a body to the fractional decrease in volume. A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. It is defined as the equilibrium pressure exerted by the gas produced above a substance in a closed system. This Site has been carefully prepared for your visit, and we ask you to honour and agree to the following terms and conditions when using this Site.
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Nor shall the RSC be in any event liable for any damage to your computer equipment or software which may occur on account of your access to or use of the Site, or your downloading of materials, data, text, software, or images from the Site, whether caused by a virus, bug or otherwise. Jump to main content. Periodic Table. Glossary Allotropes Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes.
Glossary Group A vertical column in the periodic table. Fact box. Glossary Image explanation Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements.
Appearance The description of the element in its natural form. Biological role The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. Natural abundance Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Uses and properties. Image explanation. The image is based on an early x-ray tube. The background design is inspired by x-ray astronomy and particle accelerators.
A highly radioactive metal, of which only a few atoms have ever been made. Biological role. Natural abundance. A man-made element of which only a few atoms have ever been created. It is made by fusing nickel and bismuth atoms in a heavy ion accelerator. Help text not available for this section currently. Elements and Periodic Table History. There are seven known isotopes of the element: , and The longest lived is isotope which has a half-life of In , physicists at the Russian Joint Institute for Nuclear Research JINR , bombarded bismuth with nickel hoping to make element , but they failed to detect any atoms of element It had a half-life of 1.
Atomic data. Glossary Common oxidation states The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom.
Oxidation states and isotopes. Glossary Data for this section been provided by the British Geological Survey. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk. Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled.
Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators.
Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Roentgenium Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
This week an element that needs just the right conditions in order to get a successful collision. Here's Simon Cotton:. I used to be able to go into my chemistry lab, look the pupils in the eye, and say 'U-U-U'. And they would say 'What have I done, Sir? So I was a bit sad when in a joint working party of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and International Union of Pure and Applied Physics recommended that the name of element be changed to roentgenium, symbol Rg.
The idea was to make the nickel ions penetrate the bismuth nucleus, so that the two nuclei would fuse together, making a bigger atom. The energy of the collision had to be carefully controlled, because if the nickel ions were not going fast enough, they could not overcome the repulsion between the two positive nuclei, would just fly off the bismuth on contact. However, if the nickel ions had too much energy, the resulting 'compound nucleus' would have so much excess energy that it could undergo fission and just fall apart.
The trick was, like Goldilocks' porridge, to be 'just right', so that the fusion of the nuclei would occur, just. Successful collisions would not occur very often, as most of an atom is empty space.
The scientists were however able to observe three successful collisions, forming atoms of atomic number and mass The new atoms were identified by following what happened to them when they decayed - they underwent alpha decay successively forming atoms of elements , , and In further experiments carried out in , the team carried out more bombardments and observed another three more atoms of element This time they followed the decay chains even further, right down to mendelevium, element The discovery of this new element was first announced in a paper published early in It was given a temporary name of unununium, derived from its atomic number, and the symbol Uuu.
No permanent name was assigned to element , as independent confimation of its existence was needed, and this did not happen until , when a team at the RIKEN Linear Accelerator facility in Japan made 14 atoms of this isotope.
The workers at Darmstadt were then given the honor of proposing proposed the name roentgenium, in recognition of Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, who discovered X-rays in No one knows for sure what roentgenium looks like, but it has been placed under copper, silver and gold in the Periodic Table.
Theoretical chemists have had fun predicting its properties, and they think that if anyone ever sees any roentgenium metal, it is likely to be silver in colour and it will be very unreactive. When scientists made element back in , they identified in its decay chain a roentgenium isotope of mass with a half life of about 3. So if it can be made directly, there is the possibility of real chemical reactions being studied.
So, ladies and gentlemen, that is roentgenium, which looks like being a very precious metal, albeit only for a few seconds. So blink and you may just miss the magic. That was Uppingham School's Simon Cotton with the speedy yet precise chemistry of roentgenium. Now next week we've got a two-faced element. Chlorine is what you might describe as a Jekyll and Hyde element; it is the friend of the synthetic chemist and has found a use in a number of 'nice' applications such as the disinfecting of drinking water and keeping our swimming pools clean.
It also has an unpleasant side, being the first chemical warfare agent and taking some of the blame for the depletion of the Earth's ozone layer. The most stable isotope, Rg, has a half-life of 26 seconds.
All known isotopes undergo either alpha decay or spontaneous fission. Uses of Roentgenium: The only uses of roentgenium are for scientific study, to learn more about its properties, and for the production of heavier elements. Roentgenium Sources: Like most heavy, radioactive elements, roentgenium may be produced by fusing two atomic nuclei or via decay of an even heavier element. Toxicity: Element serves no known biological function. It presents a health risk because of its extreme radioactivity.
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Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph. Chemistry Expert. Helmenstine holds a Ph. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter. Updated January 24, Featured Video.
Cite this Article Format. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph. Interesting Roentgenium Element Facts. Livermorium Facts - Element or Lv. Francium Facts Atomic Number 87 or Fr. Osmium Facts - Element Number 76 or Os. Sodium Element Na or Atomic Number
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